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Protein Supplements and Substitutions - Review

   Rearing one larva requires 25-37.5mg protein = 125-187.5mg pollen; 2 pollen pellets weigh 7.7-8.6mg; 43.6 pollen pellets or 21.8 pollen forage loads for one larva, 163mg of honey to rear one egg to pupal stage. 121g of honey (energy stored) to raise 1000 adults from an age mixed brood comb. 
Minerals:
• 0.5% - 1% ash level reared greatest brood.
• 2% ash demonstrated a decline in brood.
• 8% ash almost ceased brood rearing.
• Sodium above .125% reduces longevity.
Vitamins:
• B complex vitamins have been demonstrated to be essential to most insects. Assumption is that honey bees follow the same pattern.
• 20% yeast is added to mixture to satisfy B complex missing in soy flour.
Lipids:
• 0.01% cholesterol or 24-methylenecholestrol satisfied by pollen.
Increase Pollen Foraging:
• Internal syrup feeders have shown to increase the number of field bees collecting pollen. Stop syrup and the number of pollen gathers declines even with large brood areas.
• Fresh syrup stimulates rood rearing.
• Morning feeding recruits more pollen foragers.
• Feeding 1 litre every day is more effective in pollen recruitment than feeding 3 litres every three days.

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